Manage Quality Customer Service Essay

INTRODUCTION OF AET:- AET transport pty ltd. was founded in 1997 by Fred Bingle of Melbourne, Australia. AET’s first truck was a 1982 international Acco 1950c table/tray top which supplied coulee agro, a local Fertilizer Company with bulk fertilizers, chemicals and anhydrous ammonia. The newly formed company quickly achieved its goals through long hours and hard work. The AET transport company expended from three to eleven trucks in just over a year as their reputation continued to grow. In 2004 a successful land deal allowed the company to establish operations at its current location in Laverton. The AET transport company provides services in cross docking, temperature controlled storage and distribution of chemicals. Their focus on teamwork continues to satisfy new customer with effective supply chain management that consistently makes drivers punctual and more productive. AET transport takes pride in safety and compliance. Thoroughly trained employees certified in the transportation of dangerous good, the handling of hazardous materials and a zero tolerance for drugs and alcohol are just some of the mandatory programs that create a safer workplace for everyone. DEVELOP MISSION STATEMENT OF AET:- Goods will be delivered on time All goods will be delivered on proper condition. Suitable refrigeration will be provided. There will be complete cleanliness in trucks. Good communication with employees. CUSTOMER SATISFACTION STRATEGY:- EMPLOYEE REQUIREMENTS/ FACILITIES:- Proper training will be given to the employees regarding goods handling. Training regarding good communication and body language will be given or  provide to the employee. Navigator and Mel way will be given to drivers. There will be inductions for all employees at frequent intervals. Suitable breaks will be given for their mind relaxation. CUSTOMER REQUIRMENTS/FACILITIES:- Deliveries will be on time. Deliveries will be on proper conditions. There is a grievance handling process for customers. Extra facilities like refrigeration will be given to customers. Complaints will be handled in immediately. Customers will be charged reasonably. CUSTOMER SERVICE STANDARDS: Delivery within VIC next day. Delivery outside VIC in maximum 2 days. Phone should be answered in 3 rings. All enquiries should be attended immediately. All goods will be delivered in proper conditions. Action will be taken immediately on complaint Procedures for implementation of these standards:- Reserve at least 8-10 trucks for VIC. Train people to answer phone in 3 rings. Staff given 2 weeks customer service standards. Mystery shopper will be hired. Training regarding communication to employees should be given. 7) Write a process of handling customer complaint and grievances:- Customer < manager < grievance handling committee

Pressure

Pressure Definition of Pressure Fluid pressure: Force per unit area exerted by a fluid in a solid wall. Force acts perpendicularly to the surface in contacts. Fluid is a co u d s common word for gas a d/o liquid. o od o and/or qu d Pressure is a scalar quantity. It has the units of: N/m2 or Pa (or kPa) in SI system of units psi in Imperial system of units Pressure can also be expressed in terms of height of a column of liquid List of units of pressure measurements & conversion of units Pascal s Pascal’s law Scalar quantityUnits of Pressure SM(2) Pressure Pressure measurements Absolute pressure Gauge Pressure †¦ divided into three different categories: 1. Absolute pressure – which is defined as the absolute value o pressure (force-per-unit-area) ac g o of p essu e ( o ce pe u a ea) acting on a surface by a fluid. su ace ud Abs. pressure = pressure at a local point of the surface due to fluid – absolute zero of pressure (see page 63 of lecture notes) 2. Gauge pressure – difference between abs. pressure and atmospheric pressure – is always positive 101. 325 kPa or 14. 7 psi Equations Pressure term relationships a –ve gauge pressure is vacuum ve vacuum. Pressure term relationships †¢ Abs pressure = gauge pressure + atm pressure Abs. †¢ Abs. pressure = – gauge pressure + atm pressure (vacuum) > atm < atm SM(3) Pressure Pressure measurements Relation between abs. , gauge and vacuum Absolute pressure Gauge Pressure gauge Equations gauge) Pressure term relationships SM(4) Pressure Pressure term relationships Hydrostatic pressure 3. Differential pressure – measurement of an unknown pressure minus the reference to a o e u e e e ce o another unknown p essu e o pressure. – it is used to measure differential pressure i. . pressure drop (? P) in a fluid system SM(5)Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Two types of fluid systems: 1. Static system – in which fluid is at rest F luid pressures Pressure measured i thi system i called static pressure P d in this t is ll d t ti Static pressure system s stem ‘’The pressure at a given depth in a static liquid is The due to its own weight acting on unit area at that depth plus external pressure acting on the surface o the qu d of t e liquid’’ Gauge pressure = ? gh – which i d hi h is dependent j t only on fl id d d t just l fluid density ( ) it (? and distance between below the surface of the liquid h. External pressure – is generally the atmospheric pressure SM(6) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systems Fluid pressures Example: A hydraulic pump used to lift a car: when a small force f is applied to a small area a of a movable piston it creates a pressure P = f/a. This pressure is transmitted to and acts on a larger movable piston of area A which is then used to lift a car. Static pressure p Lesson: Pressure along the horizontal line always remains the same for uni form singly fluid SM(7) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Fluid systemsFluid pressures Example: If the height of the fluid's surface above the bottom of the five fluid s vessels is the same, in which vessel is the pressure of the fluid on the bottom of the vessel the greatest ? The amount of liquid in each vessel is not necessarily the same. y Answer: The pressure P is the same on the bottom of each vessel. Gauge pressure =F Force/Area /A = ? (hA)g/A = ? gh ‘’For gases: the pressure increase in the fluid due to increase in height is negligible because the density (thus, weight) of the fluid is relatively much smaller compared to the pressure being applied to the system’’.In other words, p = ? gh shows pressure is independent of the fact that the wt. of liquid in each vessel is different. This situation is referred to SM(8) as HYDROSTATIC PARADOX. Static pressure p Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Pressure term relationships Two types of fluid systems: 2. Dynamic pressure system Dynamic pressure system – more complex and diffi lt t measure l d difficult to – pressure measured in this system is called dynamic pressure – three terms are defined here 1. static pressure, 2. dynamic p p y pressure 3. total pressure SM(9) Fluid systems and Fluid pressuresDynamic pressure system Pitot tube Total pressure/Stagn p g ation press. Steady-state dynamic systems – Static pressure can be measured accurately by tapping into the fluid s ea (po A) e u d stream (point ) – total pressure (or stagnation pressure) can be measured by inserting Pitot tube into the fluid stream (point B) –;gt; total pressure (or stagnation pressure) = static pressure+ dynamic pressure SM(10) Fluid systems and Fluid pressures Dynamic pressure system Pitot tube Total pressure/Stagn p g ation press. SM(11) Problems 1. The diameters of ram and plunger of an hydraulic press are 200 mm and 30 mm, respectively.Find the weight by the hydraul ic press when the force applied at the plunger is 400 N. Solution: Diameter of the ram, D = 200 mm = 0. 2 m Dia. of plunger, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m p g , Force on the plunger, F = 400 N Load lifted, W: Area of ram, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 0. 0314 m2 Since the intensity of pressure will be Area of plunger, equally transmitted (due to Pascal’s Pascal s 4 a= ( i/4)*d2 = 7 068 * 10-4 m2 (pi/4)*d 7. 068 law), therefore the intensity of Intensity of pressure due to plunger, pressure at the ram is also = p = 5. 66 * 10-5 N/m2 p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 But the intensity of pressure at the = 5. 6 * 105 N/m2 ram = Weight /Area of ram = W/A = Therefore, W/0. 0314 = 5. 66 * 10-5 W/0. 0314 or W = 17. 77 * 103 N = 17. 77 kN SM(12) Problems 2. For the hydraulic jack shown here find the load lifted by the large piston when a force of 400 N is applied on the small piston. Assume the specific weight of th li id i th j k i 9810 N/ 3. i ht f the liquid in the jack is N/m Solution: Diameter of small pis ton, d = 30 mm = 0. 03 m Area of small piston, piston a= (pi/4)*d2 = 7. 068 * 10-4 m2Pressure intensity transmitted to the Diameter of large piston, D = 0. 1 m large piston, 5. 89 * 105 N/m2 Force on the large piston = Pressure intensity * area of large piston 5. 689 * 105 * 7. 854 * 10-3 = 4468 N Area of large piston, A = (pi/4)*D2 = 7. 854 * 10-3 m2 Force on small piston, F = 400 N F ll i t Hence, load lifted by the large piston = 4468 N Load lifted, W: Pressure intensity on small piston, p = F/a = 400 / 7. 068 * 10-4 = 5. 66 * 105 N/m2 Pressure at section LL LL, pLL = F/a + pressure intensity due to height of 300 mm of liquid = F/a + ? gh = 5. 66 * 105 + 9810 * 300/1000 = 5. 689 * 105 N/m2 SM(13) Problems 3. A cylinder of 0. 25 mm dia. and 1. m height is fixed centrally on the top of a large cylinder of 0. 9 m dia. and 0 8 m h i ht B th th cylinders d 0. 8 height. Both the li d are filled with water. Calculate (i) Total pressure at the bottom of the bigger cylinder and cylinder, (ii) Wt. of total vol. of water What is the HYDROSTATIC From the calculations it may be observed that PARADOX between the two results? the total pressure force at the bottom of the cylinder is greater than the wt. of total volume Solution: Area at the bottom, of water contained in the cylinders. A = (pi/4)*0. 92 = 0. 6362 m2 (p ) This is hydrostatic paradox paradox.Intensity of pressure at the bottom p = rgh = 19620 N/m2 Wt. of total vol. of water contained Total pressure force at the bottom in the cylinders, y P = p*A = 19620 * 0. 6362 = W = rgh * volume of water 12482 N = 9810 ((pi/4)*0. 92 *0. 8 *(pi/4) *0. 252*1. 4) SM(14) = 5571 NReferences †¢Transport Phenomena by Bird, Stewart, Lightfoot †¢Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic machines by R K Rajput R. K. †¢http://www. freescale. com/files/sensors/doc/app_note/AN1573. pdf (18 F 10) †¢http://www. ac. wwu. edu/~vawter/PhysicsNet/Topics/Pressure/Hydro Static. html (18 F 10) SM(15)

Police Fitness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Police Fitness - Essay Example Physical fitness required for policing consists of general fitness and job specific fitness. Canadian Mounted Policing (and other Canadian police forces) requires horsemanship skills as much of the 'Mounties' policing is done on horseback. Local forces are returning to the use of horses for policing. Many police organizations in Canada require a basic level of fitness be maintained by officers/constables. Many officers are required to perform foot patrol, bicycle patrol, or horse patrol. Obviously these types of police work require a higher level of fitness than is required for equivalent patrol in an automobile or desk work. Officers of the Peel Regional Police are required to pass a fitness test with an overall score of 75% (Peel Police, 2007). Potential police that pass the tests (and a rigorous written and psychological exam) are recommended to attend the Ontario Police College. Officers are also required to maintain the physical fitness level at 75% or above to keep their positions In addition to basic fitness testing police forces use an incentive program to promote a higher level of fitness for their officers. Officers/Constables are encouraged to exercise on their own to meet the higher standards that result in recognition from their organizations. Police organizations assist the officers by providing exercise facilities with exercise machines, free weights, treadmills, and stair-steppers. It is the officer's responsibility to schedule workouts and exercise on their own time. Officers who choose to maintain a high-level of physical fitness are rewarded with public recognition, award pins and certificates, and prime policing jobs such as bike patrol. In Toronto officers are rewarded with fitness pins, and consideration for special units such as the Emergency Task Force or Marine Units. Another unwritten incentive is to keep ahead of criminals who spend much of their time in prison working out lifting weights, etc Physically fit officers have a personal commitment to stay fit. Constables in Toronto's 51st division often exercise before the beginning of their shift. The 51st is made up of officers on mountain bikes. These officers spend up to ten hours a day patrolling the streets of Toronto. They are on their bikes up to 80% of the time (Savin, 2007). A look at a photo of the 51st division's bikers shows a very physically fit group of officers. This group spends about an hour of their own time exercising everyday (Savin, 2007). Many Canadian police organizations require that officers compete for coveted bicycle patrol slots. This means that officers need to push themselves past the basic level of fitness required to be an officer/constable. Again, this means officers spend some of their personal time exercising and preparing for the competition. Most of these policing organizations have built exercise facilities for their officers. No one is required to use the facilities but many officers spend much of their free time using these facilities. Many bicycle patrol officers focus on using free-weights or resistance training because much of their cardio-respiratory fitness is accomplished on the job. Many officers/constables compete in regional, national, and international

Family violence because Alcohol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family violence because Alcohol - Essay Example Although scientifically it can be proven that alcohol abuse directly causes violence, aggressors have, in some cases, used their drug and alcohol abuse as a scapegoat to cause ferocities in their homestead with different motives. The justification of violence as caused by alcohol still revolves around the claim that alcohol, in one way or the other, causes family violence. It is also both logical and sound to say that family violence may cause alcohol abuse. It is, therefore, the cause-effect cycle that spins around family life. Alcohol directly causes family violence. According to the behaviorist perspective, alcohol abuse is an act that is learnt just the same way an individual acquires the skills of riding a bicycle. The environment in which a person is socialized influences an individual into acquiring certain behaviors that can turn out to be accepted or rejected socially. In many societies, drinking of alcohol is not abhorred but getting irresponsible after the drinks is. The outcome of alcohol abuse is what makes alcohol depraved. As a matter of fact, aggression and violence are some of the salient behaviors that persons exhibit whenever they are drunk. McMurran (2013) argues that alcohol may not, sometimes, be a direct cause of violence in families but it creates volatile conditions that make violence becomes inevitable. One way this is possible is the financial burden that comes with alcohol drinking. In many countries, there have been changes in policies that regulate alcohol drinking, perhaps, with the aim of reducing its consumption. T he strategy has been implemented through hiking the taxes that are imposed on alcoholic products. It then trickles down to the consumer who has to pay high amounts of money so they may get their beloved drinks. Since addicted alcoholics have to take their sips every day, they are forced to either

Exotic and unique Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Exotic and unique Australia - Essay Example Kangaroo island’s economy mainly comprised of agriculture with lobster fishing and while service sector grew with prominence. Kingscote is the administrative center, and it is the largest town. The island has numerous nature sanctuaries to guard the fragments of its native animals and natural vegetation, with the Flinders Chase National Park being the biggest and the best-acknowledged park (Smith 9). Mathew Flinders, a British explorer, alit near Kangaroo Head on Dudley Peninsula in 1802. Nicolas Baudin, a French explorer, followed later on and mapped most of the Island. Kangaroo Island became the first free settlement in Australia with runaway sailors, escaped convicts and sealers calling it home. Kangaroo Island is bestowed with inborn animals in primeval settings. They include the sea lions in their habitation at Seal Bay and petite penguins swaying to shore in Penneshaw (Wakefield 12). The island has jagged adventurous landscapes and pleasurable beaches. The island also has a Hike Hanson Bay for hiking and Kelly Hill Conservation Park for caving. One of the unique elements of the Kangaroo Island is the remarkable ancient rocks. The island coast, on the other hand, has dolphins that people swim with, snorkel vivid reefs and dive shipwrecks. The wildlife in Kangaroo Island is comprised of birds like pelicans, ducks, swans, wader and little penguins. The Island is a home to two hundred sixty seven bird species and hundreds of peaceful kangaroos. Other animals include wallabies, possums and kangaroos that are most active on their nocturnal tour from American River (Wakefield 12). Flinders Chase National Park has awe-inspiring rock formations and Admirals Arch. Still the island is bequeathed with historic lighthouse surroundings where people learn about the introverted existences of light custodians and their families. The infinite coastal escapades dive with sporadic leafy sea

Finality of arbitral awards under Islamic or sharia law Dissertation

Finality of arbitral awards under Islamic or sharia law - Dissertation Example Islamic countries ‘too often have impermissibly interfered with international arbitration cases.’4 Many different cultural, political, and geographical factors have constituted the foundation of the Islamic legal system, and pure knowledge of the law does not suffice to understand the Islamic jurisdictional system.5 While international arbitration as a contemporary legal system is relatively new to Arab nations, arbitration per se in the Islamic world dates back to 622 A.D. ... Jarrar8 called the finality of arbitration as arbitrary, and the principle that the results of arbitration are binding and final is a myth. This is not to say, however, that the teachings of Sharia are directly contradictory to the recognition and enforcement of arbitral awards. It is actually to the greater interest of Islamic countries which issue Sukuk bonds to streamline arbitration proceedings to reduce the perceived risks investors assume when investing in these Sharia-based financial instruments. Arbitration is invaluable for the average investor to pursue claims in any dispute, including Islamic finance, because arbitration is usually less costly and therefore favourable to individual investors. Added to these is the absence of uniformity among remedies and the complexities of navigating conflicts of law issues makes litigation an unfavourable means of obtaining relief. Therefore, it is to the advantage of Islamic financial institutions, in particular, and Islamic business in general to enhance systematic procedures that affirm and enforce arbitral awards, both domestic and international. 1.2 Conventions influencing the enforcement of arbitral awards in Islamic member states As of January 1, 2009, 143 out of a total of 192 member States have adopted the New York Convention of 1958, among whom are all the major players in the Sukuk bonds market, namely Malaysia (1985), Bahrain (1988), Qatar (2003) and the UAE (2006). This is because Sukuk issuances have come to be accepted globally, and its compliance with arbitration is most useful in the resolution of international disputes arising out of the terms of the Sukuk contracts. Increasingly, the Gulf States have over the years acceded to the Convention, including Kuwait

Fiji Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fiji - Essay Example (Source: http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/). There is data available to show the population of Fiji in 2013 and how it relates to the total World Average. The Population of world averages at about 7,137 million people and to this number, Fiji adds about 0.9 million which is the total population of the republic. The projected population of Fiji is within the range of 1.1 million while the projected population statistics of the world is marked at about 9,727 million. According to this data, details show that the Crude Birth Rate is 21 in Fiji; it is higher than the world average. This would mean that more people get born as compared to the projected demographics. The total rate of fertility is recorded at 2.6 in Fiji that is a slight difference from the figure projected in average across the world at 2.5. This would mean that many more people are to be born because the crude birth rate and death rate are one point higher than the world average. Fiji, as a country is not fully developed and so it can be considered as a developing country. The proof of this is that the TFR (total fertility rate) of Fiji at the range of 2.6 which is somehow close to the world TFR and this makes Fiji one of the greatest reflections of the general rates of population growth expected from the entire world. The economy of this developing country is, however, still not fully developed because it relies on the tertiary industry to help facilitate the development of the economy to the levels that can be said to compete with other developing or developed countries in the world. The data presented to support this fact comes from the International Merchandise Trade Statistics whereby they showed provisional data for October 2013 which showed that the total imports were at $447.6 million while the total exports were shown to stand at $228.7 million. When comparisons are made with

How significant was the production of goods in Roman London's economy Essay

How significant was the production of goods in Roman London's economy - Essay Example With the conquest, however, in AD 43, a series of developments occurred which helped to make London a central place for trade and the production of goods. Firstly, the building of roads was crucial to development as they gave access in and out of London, and secondly, the building of a bridge over the Thames ensured the effectiveness of the new roads. As ships were passing up and down the river, the bridge also became an important â€Å"terminus† for traffic.1 There has been much historical debate about the initial purpose of London for the Romans; some have argued that its origins were purely military, while others have argued that it was set up purely as a commercial centre of civilian origins. The available evidence does not make it entirely clear but a reference from Tacitus suggests that London was â€Å"teeming with merchants and a famous city of commerce.† Importantly, Merrifield highlights that Tactius use of the word negotiatores, instead of the commoner word mercatores, suggests that the merchants he referred to were engaged in financial and commercial transactions on a higher level.2 In these early years of the Roman occupation, Boudiccas revolt in AD 60 had important consequences for London. The rebels were brutal in the treatment of London and its inhabitants. According to Bedoyere, this was the first great fire of London, so fierce it even melted bronze coins. Archaeologists have uncovered a â€Å"thick burnt layer deep under the ground† as testament to its severity. After the revolt, the Romans heavily fortified London, building a huge wall, almost two miles long. It was in the two decades after Boudicca that the commercialisation began. Bedoyere states that the Romans turned London into a â€Å"full-scale miniature Rome†, perhaps to restore their pride after the revolt. They built a forum and a huge basilica in the heart of the

Health Informatics and Emerging Technologies Research Paper

Health Informatics and Emerging Technologies - Research Paper Example Electronic Health Record (HER) is a form of a longitudinal computerized health record that comprises of digitalized health information about a population or individual patients (Smaltz, 2007). Statement The health data in electronic form is generated and stored in medical institutions with the help of microchips, smart cards, etc. Then, such records can be accessed or be shared across within several healthcare settings through a network connection of information systems. The data contained in such records are in summary form and may include; laboratory test results, billing information, medical history and other essential medical data. This advancement in technology in medical field has enabled competent health record keeping, streamlined work flow, quality management, and safety and evidence based decision with supporting documents. Effective maintenance of electronic health records is a key component for the efficient functioning of healthcare organizations. As these records contai ns very sensitive information and personal details about the patients, leakage of which could adversely affect the patients’ personal as well as the professional life and also the organization’s standing. However, there are certain disadvantages with this Health informatics based system particularly related to high cost involved in installing and implementing the system, legal issues, etc. Although, there are demerits, there are many more merits for this system, and this paper will discuss how those merits can aid in the optimal functioning of Healthcare organizations. In addition, even the demerits can be managed, if correct steps are taken. Reduced Health Care Costs Imaging is a major contributor towards the increase in health care costs. Irrespective of the medical insurance safeguards, spending on imaging makes a lot of people avoid accessing medical services. However, this problem can become a thing of the past if the health care providers adopt the electronic hea lth records system, as it is an effective way of averting the normal at the same time expensive duplicating imaging procedures. Apart from the cost factor, by going for electronic storing and transfer of imaging outputs will also increase the efficiency of the doctors in correct diagnosis. This was validated by a study conducted by Garrido et al. (2005) in Colorado and Northwest regions of Kaiser Permanente, a US integrated healthcare delivery system, using the population of 367, 795 members in the Colorado region and 449, 728 members in the Northwest region as the sample size. The results showed that after â€Å"more recent increases in general use of imaging inside and outside Kaiser Permanente†¦The chief of radiology in the Colorado region believed strongly that availability of electronic records to all carers improved interpretation of films.† (Garrido et al. 2005). Storage of physical records requires large amount of space which translate to expensive storage, costs which can be easily cut down with the usage of EHRs. In addition, physical medical records may be stored in different areas and therefore induces the cost of transporting them where they are required. Bringing them to a single location for usage by health care providers is not only time consuming but also costly. Some times such records might be needed in multiple locations at the same time whereby there must be faxing or transporting costs incurred. All these can be taken care of by using the EHRs. Quality Health

No need for topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

No need for topic - Essay Example The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, FCPA was enacted to reduce corruption in foreign markets. Therefore, the act was enacted to correct market failures. Corruption involves using money or other resources to influence the decisions of an individual in preferring one entity to the detriment of others. Companies that did not participate in corruption in foreign markets lost to those that did in awarding of government contracts and in venturing into new markets. This was a major problem that characterized market failure. Moreover market failure occurs in cases where there are weak laws to discipline and monitor institutions. Institutions will fail to protect their investors due to managerial misconducts. Consequently, both investors and customers lose huge amounts of investments.3 Examples of these include Enron, Global Crossing and WorldCom corporations that failed due to bad managerial decisions. Government failure on the other hand arises in cases where a government has created major inefficiencies by failing to intervene at the initiate stages of a problem when it could have been more appropriate to solve it more efficiently.4 Such intervention is of many benefits to the investors and consumers. Pareto optimization may be used to measure the extent of government failure in the same way it is used to measure the extent of market failure. Public choice theory explains government failure in a market. The theory stipulates that an individual will be more inclined to be motivated by self-interest, though some may base their actions on the concern for others.5 Government’s failure to prevent such selfish behavior among individuals at the expense of others is the main factor leading to government failure. Therefore, a government is responsible for putting in place checks and balances to ensure organization discipline in insuring investors against losses.6 i. Considering the two cases, market failure explains the policy behind Foreign Corrupt Practices Ac t of 1977, FCPA. Market failure involves unfair balance of resources that may lead to monopoly, lack of information, lower public good, among others. Most foreign corruption acts involved a company bribing foreign officials in foreign markets to have unrestrained access to resources, to block competitors from accessing resources or from enjoying government contracts, and blocking some companies from accessing the market. This resulted in creation of monopolies, and use of resources that did not accord to the public’s good. Therefore, the policy was as result of market failure. b. A negative externality that may result from market failure is damage to environment quality. When companies are allowed to harness resources in a country, most companies do not have regard to environmental degradation, and the effects it will have to the public. Companies will be more concerned on tapping resources for their production and not taking care of the environmental concern from people invo lved. When such companies have a monopoly over such resources, the general public may not benefit; the companies over exploit resources for profitability. An example is in the mining sector. Some companies are awarded rights to harvest certain minerals mostly in developing countries to contribute to the overall GDP of a country in exports. However, such companies leave large gaping holes of dilapidated land. Some do not take

Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free

Criminal Justice Essay In today’s society crime is increasing every day and the types of crime are changing. It seems more and more that crimes of identity theft and organized crime are on the rise. According to the CJi Interactive Media crime is defined as â€Å" conduct in violation of the criminal laws of the state, the federal government, or a local jurisdiction, for which there is no legally acceptable justification or excuse. † That means that â€Å" crime â€Å" depends on where you are. The same behavior may or may not be a crime depending on the state of the actor, time of day, the year, the location of the act, or even the reasons behind the behavior. The government structure applies to the criminal justice system when that a crime only becomes an issue when violating social norms, sanctions, or rights. Law can be defined as a set of regulations determined by a group of people who decide what is right and what is wrong. When these regulations are broken, it creates a crime. Society sees criminal justice as an officer making an arrest or patrolling the streets. Society does not realize that the criminal justice system has a government type structure, has goals, and is made up of three components. These components include the Police, Courts, and the Correction system. Each one of these components has its own function and purpose. The police enforce the law, arrest offenders, decrease and prevent crimes, maintain public order, ensure safety of the public and to protect their rights. The courts conduct fair and impartial trials, decide criminal cases, ensure due process, determine guilt or innocence through jury of peers, uphold the law, and to protect the rights of anyone facing trial by the system. The corrections carry out sentencing imposed by the courts, provide safe and humane custody of offenders, rehabilitate, reform, reinstate offenders back into the community. There are several different choice theories in regards to crime. One theory is the rational cause theory. This theory was developed by Cesare Becarria and is considered the classical school of thought and labels criminals as deviants. It explains how an offender will commit a crime for his or her own benefit or personal gain. The individual knows the act is criminal but the reward outweighs the consequence. Another theory is Sociological Positivism, this theory studies the relationships between public influences and crime. This theory is fueled by a study of social structures within an offender’s environment. Biological Positivism is another theory developed by Cesare Lombroso in the late 1800s and studies the change and physical differences between criminals and non-criminals, saying that some people are born as criminals. One more theory is the Psychological Positivism which introduces that the cause of crimes is rooted in the offender’s mental health stability or in personality disorders. For example, schizophrenia, bi-polar disease, psychopathic personality, and depression to name a few. This theory the individual who may or may not know what reality is. The offender may have a chemical imbalance that does not allow them to know right from wrong and the cause of the crime may be from inside and unavoidable versus a controlled decision. Society sees these views and have studied and applied them still today, but society uses to common models to determine which acts are criminal. One model is called the consensus model. This model is based on a wide variety of people who come together and decide based on their beliefs. There is also the conflict model, it argues that businesses or people of the criminal justice system work against or compete with each other for own personal recognition or glorification to produce and ensure justice. There are many goals of the criminal justice system of today. One goal is community safety, the system is responsible for safety and our children should be able to play outside without fear and families should be able to take evening walks. All citizens pay taxes to law enforcement personnel and view safe communities as a right. Another goal is victim restoration, if the offender is responsible to pay restitution then it will be paid directly to the courts. Then the courts will forward it to the victim. The victims also have the right to speak at the sentencing and may also speak with the probation officer to provide input and request information. The criminal justice system also wants to rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them back into the community, whether it be on probation or the sentence has been fulfilled. Community supervision can monitor all criminals while helping them to becoming productive members of society. Some people consider the criminal justice as not a system at all. According to the KY government, â€Å"the criminal justice system is an array of agencies and organizations funded and controlled by various governmental and non-governmental entities. † This means that each agency or jurisdiction has its own responsibilities, priorities, and roles to perform and fulfill. The system has other non-government agencies and services that help prevent crime and to make the communities safe. A true system would be that all agencies collaborate together effectively, work together efficiently, and coordinate plans to help reduce crime as a team. Instead, the agencies work separately for personal gain and benefit. You have agencies that trump each other for jurisdiction rights and power. In a perfect system these problems would not exist and I think crime as whole would be a fraction of what it is today.

Effect of Globalisation on Media and Diversity

Effect of Globalisation on Media and Diversity Cahanoo Krishna Globalization encourages the production of culturally diverse media. Discuss. Executive Summary This essay is aimed to seek and to find out whether globalization of the media tends to undermine culturally diversity or does it encourages or benefits it. Existing and present point of view around the relationship/connection between media globalization and diverse cultures are to be examined, considered and evaluated. A study of the diverse purposes performed by global media and surrounded by the perspective of different economies, technological and cultural aspects ( from a cultural perspective ), was done in order to observe to what extent and changes of diverse ways globalization along with media could impact on different cultures. Generally media could influence an essential and active role in upsetting a country’s culture. Whether the globalization of media weakens a country’s national culture or not, it is also to determine by how potential and active a specific country’s national culture is. Amongst the positive side, economic and technological globalization of media do not only refreshes the already existing media strong points, but they also allocate contribution to newer media groups to develop and to mature. At some specific point this essay uses the case of Mauritius and the international facts to demonstrate the cultural homogenization with global media. The national and regional media groups in Mauritius, such as channels from the Mauritius Broadcast Corporation (MBC) like â€Å"Bhojpuri Channel and Sen Creole† develop quickly. Also all the radio stations helps to contribute towards a culture preservance. Thanks to cultural factors, the MBC and Local Radio stations have an edge over foreign competitors and play a very important role in the preservation of our Mauritian cultural identity. (Gov.mu, 2014) Globalization Media in cultural diversity Globalization can be defined as a concrete happening which is caused concurrently by the means of new technologies. It refers to a fast rising and the progress of complex interconnections amongst societies, cultures, organizations globally. The objective of this essay is to consider and to evaluate whether the new circumstances shaped by globalization in the media business imply a risk for the cultural diversity. Most agree that the trend towards becoming international or as one appears to be irreversible, and it is a progression that is inevitable to affect all of us in one way or another. (Sohail, 2014) Globalisation could never occur or exist without the help of media and communication. The media itself performs as a contributor which integrates and connect different cultures nations present around the globe. According to Marshall McLuhan, he describes globalisation as an inter-relations amongst different nations whose purpose is to highlight the ‘electronic media and technology which increasingly integrates the world’, and so those happenings in a certain country can be experienced here and now by other individuals which would make the world more integrated. (McLullan, n.d.) Therefore persons from around the globe are imposed by the cultural colonisation which occur in regards to the actual media and which greatly influences the community and individuals. The combination of diverse cultures from different countries therefore can be integrated, mixed and characterised into different notable forms of media illustration which can practice the media globalisation and mul ticulturalism. (Media Globalisation, n.d.) Through the distribution of the Internet, this has provided the media with additional channel to interrelate itself with the world and is considered to be the most valuable, all-inclusive channels of communication used through the globe. The media globalisation has prominently prolonged the implication of communication throughout numerous media channels such as social networking sites like ‘Twitter, Facebook, blogs and YouTube’ which have developed into a leading platform, populaces from around the world and numerous diverse cultures use these communication networks even though it was at first initiated from the Western community, but still creates positive effects on the less developed countries. (UK Essays, 2014) The media uprising has transformed the whole sphere into a world-wide village. Considering the Satellites TV networks are one of the great tools which contributed to media and the public acknowledge it with love. In Mauritius Satellite TV like ‘Canal Sat, MBC TNT, Orange MYT and DSTV’ are in an increasing reputation and popularity day by day and have taken over traditional forms of entertainment. According to Giandev Moteea, numerous channels form the ‘MCB TNT and Orange MYT’ are bringing up-to-date technical and scientific information at no cost which almost all houses do have them according to statistics. On a simply touch of turning on our television, we can be conscious of the most recent changes around the world instantly. We can watch programmes like the upcoming ‘2014 World Cup, scientific robots at Mars and marvels of engineering in the field of medicine and technology’. This latest verge of technology have delivered us the opportunities to move from a standing stage of lack of knowledge to a modern era of uprising and judgement. Right now we are living in a speedily and constantly changing world, change is around and within us. (Moteea, 2014) The Impact of new technologies According to Teresa M, traditional media as we know will most unlikely continue to have the utmost dominance in the spreading and distribution of cultural ethics. The digitalisation of the media unlocks further angles for the supply of contents which will show a surge in the cultural mixture along the media. However, there is a tendency towards the implantation of pay media which could mean that access to the contents is restricted for a great part of the society, who do not have sufficient resources. This tendency must be counteracted especially by the public ownership media. The convergence and digitalisation of media compromise of new potentials for the increase of cultural diversity, such as the public straight access to subjects, further opportunity for the distribution of subjects and contents. Internet is an exclusively suitable intermediate for the spreading and communication of cultural contents. The Internet can ease the existence in society of cultural associations and oth er groups of similar nature, which will help to develop stimulating cultural accomplishments. (Teresa, 2001) According to So hail Butt, the whole planet has changed and turned into a global community due to the media. The extensive power of media have spread in almost every society and cultural aspects all over the globe. Currently with the development within the field of science and technology, we are internationally interconnected with communication from other countries. The internet has surely brought countries and nations closer, it has functioned to help in the development of the world into global village. (Sohail, 2014) Conclusion The global media mainly the term globalisation concept, permits the different cultures to present a distinct expression to promote and to encourage their awareness and also to provide the general community with proper understanding and awareness of their stories and characteristics. It also permits for the communication of their applicable explanations and observations on diverse issues that are at utmost importance through the preserving of culture and understanding acquirement of the diverse cultural ways, thus this allow them to hold and keep their mixture rather than extinguishing some of the cultures, as others have predicted. (Etec.ctlt.ubc.ca, 2012) The mass media though globalisation contributes in the uplifting and re-establishing of the different cultural preservation of countries. We see that somehow with the help of technology, it can be used to promote and preserve cultural language, customs and the culture itself. Technology like the internet and social networks also al lows for self-representation and conservation of subjective and combined distinctiveness by providing independence and authorisation. Globalisation and the media along with technology have been providing opportunities to redefine shared and combined distinctiveness along with categorising a place for any distinctive cultures present. Globalisation along with the media is here to help the community, governmental and economic systems, combined with a common goal in mind, will no doubt in the present and the future help and enable the evolving authorisation among diverse cultural aspects and peoples throughout the world. Through globalisation and the media, this provide a beneficial impact on person’s, societies or groups advancing to promote and help in the cultural aspects in an international or locally. Globalisation have also complexes the method of education in numerous times over but while doing so, it has help to generate numerous farfetched occasions and opportunities for states and countries to break free with the old-fashioned and traditional ways of cultivating and now work in the direction of producing awareness and understanding in different communities across the globe. Thanks to the media, any individual is perceived as a person who can perform locally but yet reason internationally. To my poin t of view media is encouraged to preserve and maintain the cultural mixture through the assistance of globalisation. (Etec.ctlt.ubc.ca, 2012) References Etec.ctlt.ubc.ca,. (2012). Globalization and its Effect on Cultural Diversity ETEC 510. Retrieved 3 June 2014, from http://etec.ctlt.ubc.ca/510wiki/Globalization_and_its_Effect_on_Cultural_Diversity Gov.mu,. (2014). Republic of Mauritius. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from http://www.gov.mu/English/Pages/default.aspx Mc Lullan, M. (n.d.). Marshall McLuhan, The Global Village. Livinginternet.com. Retrieved 1 June 2014, from http://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_mcluhan.htm Media Globalisation. (n.d.). Retrieved 3 June 2014, from http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/9446_010773Ch2.pdf Moteea, G. (2014). Giandev Moteea : â€Å"Television goes digital, Mauritius Post cooperates with ICTA and IBA to carry a study on the state of DTT†. Defimedia.info. Retrieved 3 June 2014, from http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/26827-giandev-moteea%E2%80%9Ctelevision-goes-digital-mauritius-post-cooperates-with-icta-and-iba-to-carry-a-study-on-the-state-of-dtt%E2%80%9D.html Sohail, M. (2014). Globalization, its impact on mass media. The Nation. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from http://www.nation.com.pk/national/24-Feb-2014/globalization-its-impact-on-mass-media Teresa, M. (2001). GLOBALISATION OF THE MEDIA INDUSTRY AND POSSIBLE THREATS TO CULTURAL DIVERSITY. Retrieved 1 June 2014, from UK Essays,. (2014). Is Media Globalisation A Form Of Cultural Imperialism Media Essay. Ukessays.com. Retrieved 2 June 2014, from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/media/is-media-globalisation-a-form-of-cultural-imperialism-media-essay.php

Looking At Different Aspects Of Foster Care Social Work Essay

Looking At Different Aspects Of Foster Care Social Work Essay A kinship care arrangement is an agreement that is commonly made between the parent of the child, the local authority and a close relative such as a grandparent or aunt on a short or long term basis, the kinship carer must be approved by Warwickshire Fostering Panel. Where the child is accommodated by the local authority that is often subject to an Interim Care Order the kinship agreement is reviewed under the Child in Need procedure s (Warwickshire County Council 2009). There is a six week timescale to complete the kinship assessment. The fostering team has the responsibility for completing this within the timescale set out in line with the Fostering Regulations 2002. A Viability Assessment which is Schedule 3 of the fostering regulation 2002 requires that there is a detailed report complete with references be submitted to the Fostering Panel for approval (Warwickshire Fostering Services 2002). As part of this assessment I had to complete a two part Health Safety Checklist Part One during initial visit and Part Two during the actual assessment, which is updated annually as part of the Foster Carer review. I was required to complete the initial 6 week Kinship Assessment on Arthur and Joan to be submitted to Warwickshire Fostering Panel approval, followed by submission to a Finding of Fact meeting in court. Jane is a 6 year old dual heritage female who lived close to Nuneaton centre with mother, Ruth 28 white female unemployed recovering heroin addict and her current partner Jason 35 year old unemployed white male with offending history for violence. The local authority have been involved with Ruth and her child since 2008 the police contacting social services to advise them that Ruths partner had been arrested for having indecent images of children on his computer and serious abuse of babies. Ruth was advised of this but did not appear to recognise the risk he presented to Jane. The courts ordered that Ruth should only have supervised contact due to this. Warwickshire Council convened a child protection conference which concluded that Jane be made subject of a child protection plan. Whilst the investigation into the neglect was ongoing, Jane stayed with her maternal grandfather Arthur and Joan his partner. Arthur is 58 year old football coach and Joan is a 62 year old retired book keeper and they live in a 3 bedroom house close to Ruth. A kinship referral was received by the Fostering Team to complete a viability assess Arthur and Joans ability to meet Janes needs as temporary carers. Jane is still subject of a child protection plan, as well as Looked After Child procedures and is subject of an Interim Care Order made in December 2009. The responsibility for completing the kinship assessment was given to the fostering team that I am on placement with and I was then asked to complete the assessment under supervision. This is the type of assessment that is completed when a child is looked after and placed on a statutory order. Jane is currently experiencing problems at school with bullying because of her skin colour and is in a minority. Jane is being teased because her hair is not the same as other children. I feel that Jane has not recognized that her mother is white and her father black. Arthur has stated that although she is not white she is his granddaughter and he doubts whether Jane even recognises her skin colour as significant. It is important for the Fostering Social Worker to have access to all case files relating to the child when completing the viability assessment so that the assessment demonstrates the level of commitment the grandfather and his partner have and have had to the child (BAAF, 2009). Farmer and Moyers (2005) suggest: Kinship care occupies an uneasy position on the boundary between the public and private spheres of caring and this leads to a situation where some kin carers struggle to care for needy children with low levels of support and financial help. Janes maternal grandfather has shown incredible commitment including being willing to give up his fulltime job to be able to meet Janes needs. This is causing tension in the relationship between Arthur and Joan as this will significantly reduce their income. She has also expressed concerns at not always being able to cope with the high demands of Jane and how this has brought her relationship with Arthur to breaking point at times. When childs behaviour is causing a disruption, kinship carers (as opposed to foster carers) tend to be more willing to persevere with the difficulties faced by the child (Broad and Skinner, 2005, Colton et al, 2008: 38). It is important that when examining Kinship Care that the outcome for the child is measurable, this could be in terms of regular contact with the birth parent with less supervision. Legislation has a propensity towards securing long term placements, children who were placed with their grandparents were the least likely to experience disruption when compared with other family or friends (Hunt et al, 2008). Some placements continued with little monitoring or supervision from the social worker. In other instances social workers had allowed professional standards to fall well below what would have been acceptable to another child. This can cause the child rights to be compromised as they will not receive a service that they are entitled to (Farmer Moyers, 2005). An assessment involves assembling full and accurate facts about a service users circumstances and it is essential during the assessment process that person being assessed is fully engaged with the assessment and as the assessor I am in continuous consultation with my supervisor. The information collected must be recorded in a systematic way to give a clear and accurate understanding of needs and a possible plan of action (Smale Tuson, 1993). The viability assessment must pay close attention to the circumstances around the reason why the kinship arrangement is needed. Arthur and Joan realise that if they do not take on the role of carers then Jane is likely to be placed with unrelated foster carers. The assessment includes the family to look at creating a kinship arrangement that will at best be acceptable to the child, the local authority should consider the childs extended family as an alternative to the mainstream fostering system when completing the assessment. The Childrens Act 1989 directs that where the child is looked after by the local authority the child should be placed with a relative, friend or significant other (www.childrenscommissioner.gov.uk accessed 16/01/2011) if this is a viable option. The Adoption and Children Act 2002 directs that relatives must be considered in care proceedings and in line with Public Law Outline which emphasizes the importance of robust judicial case management. The Children and Young Persons Act 2008 has led to developments that promote the childs welfare and are likely to increase the use of placements with family members. Over a 15 year period from 1989 to 2005 there has been a gradual increase in the numbers of children in care that are fostered with family and significant others, from 6 per cent to 12 per cent of looked after children in England (Department of Health, 2006; DfES, 2004). If a child is looked after by the Local Authority and is placed with a family member or significant other for a p eriod exceeding 6 weeks then the carer should be approved as a foster carer by the Local Authorities Fostering Panel (Warwickshire Council 2009). The Local Authority must have a clearly defined role in enabling the parent of the child to have some input in the care arrangements of their child in accordance with section 20 of the Childrens Act 1989. Where the local authority places children in kinship care arrangements they also must assess the kinship carer(s) in line with existing legislation that applies to unrelated foster carers therefore have responsibilities to ensure that the kinship carers receive financial support in line with boarding out regulations (Warren-Adamson, 2009). The Munby judgement in 2002 set a precedent that local authorities must treat kinship carers in the same way as non related foster carers. This means that Warwickshire County Council must assess Arthur and Joan as kinship carers even though they may well already be looking after the child at the point the assessment starts. The difficulties I experienced as the Fostering Social Worker completing the assessment was mainly around the support, training and payment of Kinship Carers. The research also found that Kinship Carers are unlikely to challenge parents legally for the kinship of the child because it can have a negative impact on the parents relationship with the Kinship Carers. One of the implications highlighted by the research document was that Kinship Carers are unlikely to go for Special Guardianship Orders due to the reduced payments and support. The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) research found that kinship carers may resent the intrusion the assessment process will entail into their lives by statutory services and feel they are being monitored and placed under surveillance (JRF, 2002). The Joseph Rowntree Foundation (JRF) found that unsatisfactory placements with family and friend lasted significantly longer than with unrelated carers (Farmer Moyers, 2008). Local Authorities are required under the Childrens Act 1989 to operate a policy of less intrusive intervention when intervening with families. Argent (2009) draws attention to the assumption that social workers from non ethnic backgrounds tend to assume that families from Black Minority and Ethnic groups would rather manage the kinship without outside help or they do not understand the process. Argent highlights that some minority groups have a strong sense of kinship without any legal or statutory intervention. There are four types of kinship care these are determined by the legal status of the child that is being accommodated Fostered with a family or friend; Residence Order; Living with family and friends and a Special guardianship order. The viability assessment I undertook was to assess whether Arthur and Joan were suitable to go on to the next stage of the assessment, the Special Guardianship Order. Special Guardianship Orders were introduced in the Adoption and Children Act 2002 to encourage flexibility with regards to the length of the placement. This order recognizes that long term fostering or adoption might not be an option and that this type of order gives parental responsibility until the child is 18. At present there is not a legal requirement for Warwickshire Council to explore Kinship but the legal framework implies that it is a preferred option to private fostering. A family group conference is called with a view to exploring the potential of a family member becoming a kinsh ip carer (Hunt et al, 2008). The aim of the Viability Assessment is to make certain that Janes needs remain central to the assessment (Hunt et al, 2008). Milner and OByrne (2002) suggest that assessments can be divided into a number of stages: Preparation: I gathered information from case notes and other reports that have previously been written, in consultation with the Janes social worker we agreed on who to interview with regards to people that are a part of the extended family or wider support network and would be in contact with Jane. Preparing for the interview I ensured that I had the essential questions and an explanation of the interview purpose along with timescales for the viability process. Collecting data: I checked on sources of written information for factual accuracy. Weighing the data: I identified gaps, consulted colleagues and began to identify any key facts or themes. Analysing the data: I considered relevant research evidence and theory. Using the data: I analysed the data and formed an opinion as to whether Janes needs would be met by Arthur and Joan. The outcome of the above process was to make a recommendation to the court. Along with the viability assessment was the health and safety of the property that the child will be living in also had to be assessed. . I had to think about how the separate pieces of information interlink and about their impact on the grandfather. It has been suggested it is important to avoid subjectivity and not to dismiss information that does not fit with preconceived assumptions: Taking information for granted and not checking. Getting stuck with one perspective, and failing to recognise alternative explanations. Stereotyping situations and solutions to them. Making assumptions about age, culture, disability or any aspect of a service users life. The way its done here approach fitting service users into the routine response of the agency instead of focusing on the client. Using the assessment process to ration resources or disguising their absence, in other words, assessment becomes resource-led rather than needs-led (Milner and OByrne, 2002). Smale and Tuson (1993) propose three models of assessment: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The questioning model: where the worker is seen as expert and follows a set format of questions à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The procedural model: in which the worker gathers information in order to see if agency criteria are met à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The exchange model: in which the service user is seen as expert in his or her own situation and the worker helps to provide resources and seeks to maximise potential. In conclusion, I realise that people change and as a social worker I need to be aware that new information may emerge that causes situations change, so I have to consider the impact it has on the assessment. Although the assessment is often viewed as a separate stage to the intervention, it is also a continuous process and there is a need to constantly re-assess throughout the intervention (Milner and OByrne, 2002). I used a Task Centered Model for completing the Viability Assessment as it was a short term (6 weeks) problem solving approach with a clear beginning, middle and end, and has a specific timeframe to complete the assessesment and submit it to the court. I adopted a Solution Focused approach in my intervention as it worked with Arthur and Joan to help them to look at their strengths and to find their own solutions to challenges they may face. A Solution Focused approach enables people to see better futures, it can be used to focus on the positives whilst also accepting that their strengths which are Arthur and Joans commitment to meeting Janes needs for as long as she needs them and fact that this can be used as a platform for future long term planning. In practice I found it difficult to choose a single model as I realized I would be using all three in this case. Firstly, the Viability Assessment for kinship involved me in the role of expert with a set format of questions, and secondly, I was conscious of the criteria for kinship to enable me to ask appropriate supplementary questions but lastly, I feel that the exchange model reflects the values of anti-oppressive practice in that Arthur is placed in a position of control and so that the process meets his expectations as well as mine as the assessing social worker. However, as social workers operating within a statutory setting we must recognize that there are pressures to conform to questioning or procedural models. To work in an anti-oppressive manner is to incorporate necessary questioning, schedules and scales into an assessment that respects Arthurs expertise in caring for Jane (Smale and Tuson, 1993).

Tale of the Haunted GPS Navigation System Essay -- Urban Legends

Tale of the Haunted GPS Navigation System The storyteller, who happens to be my cousin, currently works as a math teacher. He is 24 years old and lives at home with his mother and father. His mother, a talented artist, works for the United States Postal Service and his father, who is an electrician, installs security systems for homes and offices. Both of his parents are Korean and although his older brother was born in Korea, he was born in the United States. He is very athletic and enjoys skateboarding and snowboarding. When he was younger he was always the one most willing to take risks in the family. He is also a talented guitarist. He also has deep religious convictions as a devout Christian, when asked what he thinks of ghost stories in general he merely shrugged them off as stories meant for entertainment rather than anything of merit. When asked about the origins of the particular story he said that a friend mentioned it at a party several years ago. The story was told during a snowboarding trip to Vermont this past spring. There were two members in the audience (including myself) and it was told in the room of the Red Oak Inn at around 11:30 PM. My cousin, who was seated on his bed, made eye contact with each audience member as he began his story. A couple was interested in buying a navigation system so they visited several stores in search of the best deal. In most cases the prices were too expensive for them so they went on craigslist and found a great deal on a used GPS system. They received the unit in the mail and wanted to try it out right away. They installed their GPS unit [imitates placing a GPS unit in a car windshield with hands] in the car and turned it on. The wife, out of curiosity, hi... ...of the motivating factors behind their purchase was the fact that the unit was cheap. There have been many cases where items posted on sites such as craigslist or ebay that have very attractive prices turn out to have serious defects or are fake. In this case the couple bought a haunted GPS unit that had killed the previous owner. The story reveals society’s general fear of things that are second-hand or things bought through websites where users, not companies, sell their wares. The story of the haunted GPS unit served as a commentary on the consequences of over-reliance as well as blind trust in not only navigation units, but also technology in general. It also served as a warning against buying items that were at too good to be true prices from websites where the sellers are not reputable companies but users who have no desire to maintain a good reputation.

Emperor Hadrian :: essays research papers

Emperor Hadrian The original home of the family of the Emperor Hadrian was Picenum, in Spain. Hadrian himself records that his immediate family came from Hadria, but settled in Italica in the reign of the Scipios. The Hadrian’s father was Aelius Hadrianus, a cousin of the Emperor Trajan; his mother was Domitia Paulina, a resident of Cadiz; his sister was Paulina, and his wife was Sabina. Hadrian was apparently born on the ninth day before the Kalends in February. At the age of ten, he became the ward of Ulpius Trajanus, his cousin, who had attained the rank of praetorian. Afterwards, he became so engrossed in the art of Greek study, that some dared to call him â€Å"Greekling†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At fifteen he returned to his native city, and immediately joined the military. It seemed apparent that his love for hunting was so strong, that he was criticized for it even while in military service, and for this reason Trajan recalled him back to Italica. When he returned, he was treated as Trajan’s son, and was later appointed to be one of the ten judges of the inheritance court, and later, one of the tribune of the Second Legion, the Adjutrix. As young Hadrian grew, he became more and more of a favorite to his ‘father’, Trajan. This caused some friction between Hadrian and some of his family members, namely Servanius; although there was no actual confrontational effects of this struggle to become Trajan’s favorite. On the fifth day before the Ides of August, Hadrian learned that his adoption by Trajan had become official, and later celebrated this while governor of Syria. Later, on the third day before the Ides of August, Hadrian le arned of Trajan’s death. Three days later, Hadrian ascended to the throne of the Roman Empire. As soon as he took possession of the empire’s power, Hadrian at once resumed the policy of devoting his attention to maintaining peace throughout the world. Although his foreign policy seemed peaceful, his interior suspicions remained with a wary eye, and he later imprisoned some of his political enemies, namely Laberius Maximus and Crassus Frugi. Hadrian even had an assassination that failed to kill him, planned by Nigrinus, of whom Hadrian had planned to succeed him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the years passed, he showed to the people of the Roman Empire that he was a skilled architect, and that he was. He helped make it possible for there to be games in nearly every Roman city, with vast facets of entertainment of every kind just around the corner in a Roman city.

The Two-Point Threshold Essay

I. Introduction In the two-point threshold experiment it is obtained how close two distinct sharp point can be together for a person to feel two points instead of one. The value of the two-point threshold is the minimal distance at which the subject can feel two distinct points. The principle behind this experiment is the fact that mechanoreceptors are not distributed homogeneously in the skin of the human body. There are areas with a higher density and areas with a lower density of mechanoreceptors, making this certain area more or less sensitive. However, the smaller the distance is where the subject can feel two distinct points, the more mechanoreceptors must be present in this area, enabling a person to feel small details in that part of the body. In this experiment we will test the two-point threshold at five ares of the body: the back of the hand, the palm of the hand, fingertip, the back of the neck, and the calf of the leg. With these given areas, the fingertips will have a smaller two-point threshold than the back of the hand. II. Materials and Methods For this experiment a compass is used to apply two sharp points to the skin at the same time, and a ruler to measure the distance of these points. The independent variable for the experiment is the are where the two-point threshold is measured. The dependent variable is the two-point threshold, or in other words the smallest distance at which the subject can distinguish between one and two points at one of the five tested areas. At first the compass is set on the smallest value, 2mm, and applied to a certain area. If the subject does not feel two distinct points the distance between the points will be increased until the subject can feel two points. That way the smallest distance, the two-point threshold is obtained. III. Results The Two-Point Threshold Values For All Subjects Calculations/ T-Test First the average two-point threshold is calculated for both areas by summing up all values and dividing the sum by the number of values,7. For the back of the hand it is an average of 22.4mm, and for the fingertips 4.71mm. Then the difference of each value to the average value is calculated and inserted in to the formula to calculate the standard deviation, where n is the number of subjects/values. X-∅X (back of hand) ⇒ square X-∅X (fingertips) ⇒ square 4,4 19,36 2,71 7,34 4,4 19,36 0,71 0,5 7,4 54,76 5,3 28,1 16,6 275,56 0,3 0,1 7,6 57,76 1,7 2,89 6,4 40,96 1,7 2,89 1,4 1,96 1,3 1,69 The squares for both independent variables will now be summed up and divided by n-1= 6 before the square root is taken. Back of the hand: Fingertips: To calculate the T-value the difference of the average values is subtracted by the square root of the sum of the two SD square divided by the number of subjects, 7. The calculated T-value for this experiment is 9,46. The Average Two-Point Threshold and Standard Deviation for the Fingertips and the Back of the Hand The graph shows clearly that the fingertips have a much smaller two-point threshold with an average of 4.71mm, than the back of the hand with 22.4mm. It also shows that the standard deviation for the fingertips is much lower with  ±2.69mm than the standard deviation of the subjects at the back of the hand with  ±8.85mm. IV. Conclusion The results of the experiment support the hypothesis that the fingertips have a smaller two-point threshold than the back of the hand. It is supported by the average two-point threshold of both areas, while the fingertips have and average of 4.71mm and the back of the hand shows and average result of 22.4mm as two-point threshold which is almost five times greater compared to the average fingertip value. The T-test is a statistical hypothesis test to see if the hypothesis is supported. In this experiment a T-value of 9.46 was calculated to 6 degrees of freedom. According to the table there is a 0.0001% chance that the hypothesis is incorrect. So in  other words this T-value supports the hypothesis with over 99%. A source of error is certainly the number of subjects in the experiment. For a strongly supported hypothesis I would suggest a follow up experiment with many more subjects to make sure this hypothesis is still supported because only a few too high or low numbers can certainly change the results with only seven subjects. Also I would suggest to have only one tester in the follow up experiment because in this experiment there were seven testers, one for each subject and everybody measures slightly different. So instead of having human error involved from one tester, we have errors involved from seven. The last source of error is within the calculations. Rounding errors here and there can make a difference if the results are close together.

Piano Industry, Prp

Porter Five Forces: The piano industry. Threat of substitute products or services: LOW A portable keyboard can be regarded as a substitute but those interested in buying a piano are interested in superior sound, better performance, good looks and elegance. The keyboard has none of these. It is complicated to sell a piano and move it in order to put a keyboard. Threat of new competition: MEDIUM-LOW The capital investment in a piano factory is very high. The market already is filled with competitors that dominate the global market. Brand recognition is also a hard asset to aquire in the piano industry. Pianos are a luxury product that could make an entrant suffer a lot in the even of an economic downturn. Other local Chinese piano manufacturers could potentially become significant competition. Bargaining power of customers: HIGH A piano is a high end product with many different brand offerings. Customers have a large bargaining power driving the margins down. PRP has made this clear by driving prices down by offering a good product at a better price. Bargaining power of suppliers: LOW The suppliers hold no proprietary materials that the piano makers require. Most of the materials are commodity products such as wood and those that are more developed like keys are becoming easier to manufacture in house due to the drop in ease and cost of the machinery required to do so. Intensity of competitive rivalry: HIGH The entrance of companies such as PRP is evidence of the incredibly competitive market the piano industry is. New drastic tactics and strategies like sponsored players that can only use their products in their performances or manufacturing outside their usual territories into asian sites also shows the competitive nature of the business.

Myths as a Mirror of Society Essay

In a democratic society that struggles with how to support individuality and yet develop a consciousness of shared concerns and actions that promote equality, the color of your skin and the place of your origins still matter to a lot of people. Power relationships between people still exist and continue to influence people’s perceptions of themselves and the members of other groups. One of the struggles of a certain person is the construction of self, including identification and affiliation with one’s gender and a racial or ethnic group. Living in a â€Å"melting pot† of cultures like the United States, one could not help but encounter different people that belong to different ethnic group. In an article by Linda Seger entitled â€Å"Creating the Myths† (2000), she averred that although people come from different cultures or has a different skin color, We share similar experiences in the life journey of growth, development, and transformation. We live the same stories, whether they involve the search for a perfect mate, coming home, the search for fulfillment, going after an ideal, achieving the dream, or hunting for a precious treasure. Whatever our culture, there are universal stories that form the basis for all our particular stories. The trappings might be different, the twists and turns that create suspense might change from culture to culture, the particular characters may take different forms, but underneath it all, it’s the same story, drawn from the same experiences (p. 308). Living in a multi-ethnic society does not come in as easy. Often, we have heard or maybe encountered ourselves some prejudice with regards to people that has not the same color of our skin. In television and in movies, there are clashes in cultures. Unknown prejudice caused mainly by people’s refusal to accept reality as it is. When you see the word crash, it always summons to mind an unfortunate event that has to deal with vehicles. Someone even told me that it is prohibited to say this word when you are boarded on an airplane because you might cause panic among another passengers. Planes, cars and even computers crash. Crash basically means collision. Similarly, the title of Paul Haggis movie is Crash (2005). However, viewers will see not only collisions involving cars, but collisions involving race, culture and classes. Although it is just a movie, †Crash† tackles the realities of what cross-cultural panorama of Los Angeles urban life looks like. More than an interwoven stories of mythic heroes, it involves no direct good or bad people. These are people interconnected to each other in vestiges of crime, racism, corruption, obligation, indignation and chance over a two-day period. The storyline superimposes the complexity of the multifaceted narratives of their lives entwined under the numerous social and psychological issues usually hidden inside the closet of the American consciousness. Demystifying the Plot Seger proposed that a myth is a story that is â€Å"more than true. † She elaborated that these stories are true because one person, somewhere, at some time, lived it. Like the stories that intertwine in the movie Crash, these events are based on facts that we encounter in our daily lives. We connect to a â€Å"myth† because we believe that this is more than true because it is lived by all of us, at some level. The plot of the movie Crash are stories that connects and speaks to us all. One of the poignant stories that revolve around the movie is about two cops, one senior and the other junior. The other jaded and abusive, the other one is a novice and willing to learn the ropes. These cops are played by Matt Dillon and Ryan Philippe respectively. One day, when they were assigned in their beat site, they pull over and eventually harass a black couple (Terrence Howard and Thandie Newton) because the SUV they’re driving vaguely fits the description of a carjacked vehicle that was reported. Viewers get the impression that the character of Matt Dillon is racist chauvinist pig. We immediately tag him as the villain. More complications swiftly supersede within 24 hours as archetypes of characters cross paths again in separate incidents of incredibly high tension. These archetype characters challenge both the prejudices that have formed between them and the assumptions we draw out from their different perspectives about race and culture as a whole. Later in the film, we are surprised to see that it turned out that Christine (Thandie Newton) that she encounters Sgt. Ryan (Matt Dillon), the racist cop who sexually molested her during a traffic stop the previous night, the officer on the scene who tries to pull her from the burning car. Of course, she refused. â€Å"Anyone but you! † Christine screamed. We see the frustration in the face of Sgt. Ryan. He profusely apologized and explained that nobody was there to help but him. He informed that gasoline was dripping off her car. More or less, she has to get out of there before it explodes. Hesitantly, Christine agreed after Sgt. Ryan promised not to touch her anymore. Luckily, Christine was pulled out before the explosion. Viewers are perplexed with the transformation of Sgt. Ryan as an anti-hero. Maybe, he was not bad after all. Heroes and anti-heroes abound the movie Crash. To further intricately muddle the conflicts, characters encounter and reencounter one another in highly convenient ways. For example, a young African-American criminal Peter (Lanrez Tate) is murdered. Fortunately, he has a brother, Graham (Don Cheadle), an LAPD detective, who discovers Peter’s dead body in the desert. Prior to learning of his brother’s death, Graham is thwarted by the district attorney’s office into suppressing evidence that may partially absolve a white police officer charged with killing a black cop. Incidentally, the district attorney (Brendan Fraser) is looking for a conviction that would help him gather enough support from the black community, since he is trying to manage a potential media scandal. He and his wife (Sandra Bullock) were carjacked in Sherman Oaks by two young black men. We come to realize that around the community of New York we get acquainted with various myths, as this movie depicted. We witness the patterns and elements that connect with our own human experience As film involves various crashes and clashes, forcefully it does not just invoke commonly hackneyed racially-charged confrontations found in some films, but it almost subliminally showcases how passive prejudice and pre-conceived notions are often prevalent in simple day-to-day life. Thus, people could just collide and all these complications happen within a blink of an eye, unaware that they are villains and victims all at the same time of the milieu. The Myths of Crash Although the dominant illusion of myths that Crash could perpetuate among its viewers about its own narrative is that each character does something virtuous in one situation, and something unconscionably racist in another. Entirely, this is not the case because some characters could be deemed as purely good people. These characters are not simply out and out heroes. They are called anti-heroes because they do not possess certain respect that people should bestow them because of racism and prejudice. The Latino locksmith Daniel exists solely to incur racist threats and insults from other characters, then to disprove their opinions through his role as the most upstanding of family men. Unfortunately, other characters display no redeeming traits, like the DA’s wife, Jean Cabot (Bullock) is depicted as a self-involved rich and uptight woman who is there to speak the unspeakable ‘truth’ when justifying her fear of black men. Eventually, she stops just short of calling Daniel a wetback, and undergoes a quite insincere transformation that resulted from her inability to understand that her housekeeper Maria (Yomi Perry) is nice to her when she fell down some steps and fractured her leg, and nobody else has given her sympathy. She had no choice, but be nice to the person who helped her (Sicinski, 2005). Craig Detweiler (December, 2005) analyzed that Haggis portrays the film as a depiction a fine interconnectedness of realistic portrait of pertinent issues with a subliminal touch of magic realism. The movie offers a range of familiar types, attempting to prick his viewers’ consciences without being overbearingly preachy or nearly jingoistic. As the film kicks off, tempers are already surging as invectives and epithets are blurted out without batting an eyelash. Prejudices are looking for confirmation. â€Å"I am angry all the time, and I don’t know why,† laments a frustrated housewife. The first half of the film whips up the melting pot of complications, with racist assumptions spilling out of the characters ears. Viewers relish a platter of racism and crime, seasoned with sexual harassment, a broken health-care system and the purchase of firearms. In the softer second half, Detweiler explains that the isolated moments suggest a possibility of redemption for the characters. A motorist hassled by the cops for â€Å"driving while black† turns out to be a conflict-avoiding â€Å"Buddhist for Christ’s sake. † But that doesn’t dissuade the police from violating his humanity and that of his wife. A statue of St. Christopher shows up at surprising times, but it ultimately proves ineffectual. A protective icon inspires a random act of violence. As Christmas unfolds in the movie, we see images of the nativity that could only summon unrealized prayers for â€Å"peace on earth† (Detweiler, 2005). Circumscribing the â€Å"circle† that goes around the film’s plot, a realization could smack its viewers that in the small world we are living in, we are connected to each other, like it or not. Conclusion To quote John F. Kennedy, he said that â€Å"every American ought to have the right to be treated as he would wish to be treated, as one would wish his children to be treated. † In our present time, racism is a topic well-tackled among discussions. We are aware that it is generally loathed by people and we heard calls of putting a stop to it. We have seen the fall of Apartheid, we have seen those protests voicing out equality, but people still commit racism unconsciously as they encounter each other in their daily lives. Is prejudice primarily a question of color? How do differences of language and culture play into our misunderstandings? What must be done to bridge understanding and permanently inculcate the ugly face of prejudice regarding our differences? The film Crash does not present the myths to an ultimate panacea to racism and prejudice. But certainly, it is a mirror of the archetypes that persist in American society. It is presenting a consciousness about the interconnectedness of people and the situations that made them come up with their own realizations. Thus, the film invites its viewers to come up with their own realizations about the contemporary cross-section of American society and provide a space about perspectives on how to deal with their own prejudices. Works Cited Detweiler, Craig. Cultural Collisions. Sojourners Magazine. Washington, (December 2005), 34 (11): 45-46. Seger, Linda. â€Å"Creating the Myth. † Signs Of Life In The USA. New York: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2000. 308-316. Sicinski, Michael. Crash, Film Review. Cineaste. New York, (Fall 2005), 30 (4): 51-54.

Soldier X

Jacob Fair Mrs. Hazen English 3 2 December 2011 â€Å"Soldier X† Book Report The book I read is Soldier X by Don Wulffson. The book is set in Germany and Russia during World War II. The story is told in first person from the point of view of Erik Brandt. The main character, Erik Brandt, is the protagonist and there isn’t an antagonist because the book is about Erik’s journey during World War II. The conflict throughout the book is Erik vs. society as an external conflict. I believe the conflict is resolved when Erik and Tamara are injured by allied soldiers.I think this because Erik and Tamara were both injured and put in a hospital together outside the war. They are able to make up and run away to America and start a new life there together. I think one theme that was expressed in this book was that most success in life depends on keeping your mind open to opportunity and seizing it when it happens. I think this is one theme of the book because Erik takes advant age of several Situations throughout the book. During the beginning of the book he states that since he can speak fluent Russian he is able to interrogate prisoners of war, which allows him to spend less time on the battlefield.He also takes advantage of his situation when he is wounded on the battlefield and knows he will be killed if he is found, so he takes a dead Russian soldier’s uniform and puts it on. Then when he is found they will send him to the hospital because they will think he’s a Russian soldier. Toward the end of the book Erik and Tamara take advantage of the fact that they’re injured, from the fire fight they got caught in the middle of, and they are able to escape to America because of it.Yes, I would recommend this book because it’s an exciting action book but also because it shows how Nazi soldiers were brain-washed into their way of thinking but that they didn’t always agree with what they were fighting for and if it was their own decision they might choose to leave. I liked this book very much because it’s good if you look at it from an action stand point and an educational stand point as well. I would recommend this book for male teens and adults because I think teens would be interested in it for the action but adults would be more interested in the history part of it.

Transport of Solute in Solvent through Osmosis Essay

Objective: The objective is to simulate passive transport: diffusion of solutes and osmosis of water through a semipermeable membrane (dialysis tubing). The experiment will show how molecules in solution move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration in the attempt to reach homeostasis in different circumstances. Introduction: The main purpose of this lab was to observe diffusion and osmosis. This is demonstrated using dialysis tubing and a combination of monosaccharaides, disaccharides, water (H20), and sodium chlorine (NaCl), also known as table salt. We then calculated the percent change of mass over a period of time. Due to kinetic energy, cells tend to bump into one another; this is the result of the process called diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. In this lab, diffusion causes a physical change of our cells (mass). Osmosis is a type of diffusion that involves water. Osmosis occurs when water moves through a semi-permeable membrane. The water moves from a place of higher water concentration to a place of lower water concentration. Water potential measures free energy of water in any solution. A solution is a liquid mixture of two or more components. This mixture consists of a minor component (the solute) which is c onsistently distributed within a major component (the solvent). Water potential consists of 2 parts: osmotic potential and pressure potential. Osmotic potential pertains to the water molecules that move from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution (changing the concentration gradient), while pressure potential pertains to the exertion of pressure the cell is under. The pressure is caused by the height of water exposed to the atmosphere above the artificial cell. The concentration gradient is generally the difference in concentration of a dissolved substance in a solution. This occurs between a region of high density and lower density. Water potential of distilled water in  atmospheric pressure is 0, because the osmotic and pressure potentials are 0. For example, in plant cells, osmotic potential is lowered because more of its solute is being dissolved in the cytoplasm. When placed in pure water, the cells of the plant are hypertonic. This means the plant cells have more osmo tic concentration. The water potential within the beaker is higher making it hypotonic, meaning it has a lower osmotic pressure. Therefore the water will move into the cell because water moves from hypotonic environments to hypertonic environments. This results in a swelling cell. On the contrary, if solute is added to the beaker, the water potential in the cell will be greater, resulting in a hypotonic cell. Therefore water will move out of the cell, causing it to shrivel. This is relative to this lab. However, not all solutions are like this. Solutions that have reached the state of equilibrium are isotonic. This means that both solute and solvent have the same osmotic pressure. The rates of the reaction are determined by the molecular size of the particles. If the particles or smaller, they diffuse through the semi-permeable membrane much faster than particles larger than the semi-permeable membrane. This is because the smaller particles have less of a resistance to pass through the selectively permeable membrane. If the particle is larger it is going to take a much longer time for the particle to push its way through the membrane. Materials: Dialysis tubing Scissors Small funnel Graduated cylinder Paper towel Digital scale 400mL beaker 250mL beaker 1 mL pipette Test tube Hot plate Weigh boats Pipette Pipetter Methods: 1) Obtain ten 40 centimeter strips of dialysis tubing and soaked them in water. This will moisten the dialysis tubing to a rubbery texture that is easier to maneuver and work with. Tie off one end of the tubing 2cm from the end to form a bag. Finally to open the other end of the bag, we rubbed the closed, untied end between our fingers until the edges separated. 2) Measure 25mL of the applicable solution needed for the dialysis cell. This should be done with a 25mL graduated cylinder. Measuring with a 25mL graduated cylinder insures that no errors be made. To properly measure 25mL, the graduated cylinder should be placed on a flat surface and you should be at eye level with its measurements. A full 25mL is measured at the bottom of the meniscus. Once the solution has been measured, using a small funnel, pour the solution into the dialysis bag by inserting the tip of the funnel into the open end. Finally make a note of what the cell is containing; it is very easy to get them mixed up. A source of error that is unwanted. 3) Tie the open end of the dialysis bag 2cm from the end of the bag. 4) Rinse the dialysis cell thoroughly under water to guarantee any foreign substance that may have touched the dialysis cell is rinsed off and gently blot the dialysis cell with paper towel. The dialysis cells must be completely dry so when the cell is being weighed, the digital scale will not be weighing water weight on the cell as well. Using a weigh boat, measure the cells mass. The weigh boat is used for the purpose to avoid cross contamination between the cell and scale. To insure that the cell is the only thing being weighed, place the weigh boat on the scale and press clear. This will set the scale to 0 with the weigh boat still on it. Place the cell on the weigh boat and record the total weight of the cell. Your data should be weighed in grams (g). Before submerging your cell in its beaker with solution correlated on Table #1, the dialysis cell must be weighed. This will give us an idea of what the cell begins at and in what way diffusion and osmosis affects the dialysis cell . The cell must be weighed every 30 minutes in a time period of 90 minutes. The dialysis cell should be weighed four times. 5) Submerge each prepared dialysis cell in a 400mL beaker with 150 mL’s solution correlating to Table #1. These solutions must be measured using a 100 mL graduated  cylinder. Measuring with a 100mL graduated cylinder ensures that no errors be made. To properly measure 100mL, the graduated cylinder should be placed on a flat surface and you should be at eye level with its measurements. A full 100mL is measured at the bottom of the meniscus. Because 150mL of the solution is needed, two separate measurements must be made. An entire measurement from the 100mL graduated cylinder and a half should be measured. Record the time the dialysis cell is submerged in the solution; this will insure an accurate timing at which the dialysis cell must be weighed. Label each dialysis cell and solution filled beaker. This will provide knowledge as to which solution is contained in each beaker and avoid any error from being made. 6) In 30 minute intervals for 90 minutes, the cells must be removed from each beaker and blotted try with clean paper towel to be weighed. Record each measurement every time the cell is being weighed. Do not rinse the cell under water again; this may compromise the cell and solution within the beaker. 7) At the conclusive part of the cell (last time weighing the cell) remove the cell from the solution filled beaker, and blot it dry. Proceed to using scissors to cut the cell, and pour the remaining content into a 250mL beaker. Label each beaker as to which it is containing. 8) Using 3 clean test tubes perform a chloride (Cl-) test, a glucose test and a sucrose/lactose test. Obtain 2mL of each solution from each beaker. This is done using a pipette and pipette. Place the tip of the pipette in the solution of the beaker, and the pipetter is placed at the other end of the pipette. The pippetter sucks the solution into the pipette, this is a better method then using ones mouth to suck up the solution because it is more accurate and safer. Using a hot plate and a beaker filled with water, place each finished test tube into the beaker. The water contained in the beaker must be boiling before each test tube is placed within it. Using this method, the solutions reaction will occur at a much faster rate. This applies to each test. In the (Cl-) test, 2 drops silver nitrate(AgNo3) are added to each 2mL solution that has been measured and placed into a test tube from the obtained material from the cell. This test measures for the salt content in the solution. In th e glucose test, Benedict’s test is performed using a 1:1 ratio of Benedict’s test to solution. These tests for the glucose in each solution. Finally the sucrose/lactose test uses the same content as the glucose test. Benedict’s test is performed using a 1:1 ratio  of Benedict’s test to solution. This test measures for reducing sugars. The indicator for each test is color. When there is a color change to the solution that means the test has tested positive. 9) At the end of the lab, all observations should have been recorded in your notebook. Results: The data shows (Graph #1 and Graph #2) that in each case, the dialysis bag slight increases or decreases in mass over a period of 90 minutes. The increase or decrease in mass of the dialysis cell is solely based upon the concentration gradient within the dialysis cell and its environment as to which it is placed in. In each graph, it displays which dialysis cells have increased or decreased in mass. For each cell that has increased in mass, (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, and F1), diffusion and osmosis has occurred into the cell. As a result the cell has swollen because water has moved into the cell. Dialysis cells that have decreased in mass, (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, and F2), have had the opposite reaction occur. Diffusion and osmosis has moved water out of the cell, causing a decrease in mass. This is due to the dialysis cell containing a hypotonic solution as its environment at which it was submerged is hypertonic. This then causes the cell to shrink in mass. Due to the different data shown in G raph #1 and Graph #2, we know that the cells and environments contained different concentration gradients because not all data is the same. This means that no dialysis cells or environments have reached equilibrium and have become isotonic. Discussion: The purpose of this lab was to observe the physical mechanisms of osmosis and diffusion. Diffusion is the movement of particles. The particles move from areas of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The diffusion of water moves into or out of a selectively permeable membrane, this process is called osmosis. Because of the selectively permeable membrane, nothing but water and other very small particles are able to diffuse. The dialysis tubing is similar to the function of the cell membrane. As a result the dialysis cell loses water and also gains because of osmosis due to the transport of water. This occurs when the dialysis cell is placed in an environment in which water concentration is greater than  that of the cell. The dialysis cell gains water when placed in and environment in which the concentration is lower. This concept describes how molar concentration (the number of moles in a solute per liter of solution) affects diffusion. The perception of solutions diffusing has been observed in different situations. Diffusion always moves from a high concentration to a low concentration, this is affected by molar concentration. As the molecular mass decreases, more solution is diffused. This hypothesis was made due to the knowledge of molecules diffusing down a concentration gradient. As a result, the mass of the dialysis tubes have increased, as the molarity of a solution increases, the percent of change in mass will increase as well. This affect occurred in cells (A1, B1, C1, D1, E1, F1). As the molarity of a solution decreased in other dialysis tubes, the mass of the dialysis tubes have decreased and percent change in mass has decreased as well. The amount of increase and decrease of diffusion is based on the molecule size. This occurred in cells (A2, B2, C2, D2, E2, F2). As molecular size increases, the rate of diffusion decreases. This is because it has a greater resistance going through the medium of the membrane. When molecular size de creases, then rate of diffusion increases because the molecule has less of a resistance to go through the dialysis cells semi-membrane. Acknowledgments: I would like to thank Ms. Huggins for preparing each of the solutions for the class as well as the class for preparing portions of the lab as a group effort. Without having any group effort within the class, the lab would have taken more time then what would have been given. I would also like to thank the class for contributing in providing portions of the lab data, without this data we would have not been able to properly provide right information need for the lab. References: Campbell, N.A., and Reece, J.B. 2002. Biology, 8th ed. Benjamin Cummings. Pp. 131-134 for osmosis. Molecular Cell Biology, 4th edition, Harvey Lodish, Arnold Berk, S Lawrence Zipursky, Paul Matsudaira, David Baltimore, and James Darnell. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Chapter 2. Separate from Biology in the Laboratory 3e, Doris R. Helms, Carl W Helms, Robert J. Kosinski, John C. Cummings; W.H. Freeman, Dec 15, 1997 Data: Table #1: Experimental protocol to follow for tests of osmosis and diffusion. Summary: This table shows us what solution is contained within the dialysis cell or its environment contained in a beaker. This chart also tells us what test has to be conducted upon the beaker and the cell solution after the 30 minute intervals made in a period of 90 minutes. When the cell has finished diffusing after a period of 90 minutes, then these tests can be conducted. Solution in beaker Solution in cell Test solution in beaker for*†¦ Test solution in cell for*†¦ A1 H2O NaCl Cl- Cl- A2 NaCl H2O Cl- Cl- B1 H2O glucose glucose glucose B2 glucose H2O glucose glucose C1 H2O sucrose/lactose lactose lactose C2 sucrose/lactose H2O lactose lactose D1 NaCl glucose glucose Cl- D2 glucose NaCl Cl- glucose E1 NaCl sucrose/lactose lactose Cl- E2 sucrose/lactose NaCl Cl- lactose F1 glucose sucrose/lactose none none F2 sucrose/lactose glucose none none Table #3: Example showing molecular mass of particles Summary: This table is to shows the molecular mass of the particles used in the lab. This will help understand why some solutions diffuse faster than others. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Name of Solution Formula for Solution Moelcular Mass of Solution (g) Water H2O 18g/ mol Sodium Chloride NaCl 58.5g/ mol Glucose C6H12O6 180g/ mol Sucrose/ Lactose C12H22O11 684g/ mol Lactose C12H22O11 342g/ mol Table #2: Weight produced over time by different cells submerged in different solutions Summary: This table displays an increase or decrease in mass of the dialysis cell in 30 minute intervals over a period of 90 minutes. This helps us to understand the concentration gradients of the cell or environment of the cell due to its reaction. The cells that increases in size, we now know that the cell was hypertonic placed in a hypotonic solution because in order to reach equilibrium the amount of particles within the cell must be the same. Because they have not reached equilibrium this results in the movement of molecules moving from a hypotonic solution to a hypertonic solution through a selectively permeable membrane (dialysis tubing), this is called osmosis. In order for the particles to move across the membrane diffusion must occur for the movement from high osmotic concentration to lower osmotic concentration to occur. The cells that decrease in mass are hypotonic place in a hypertonic solution. We know that because osmosis and diffusion has occurred, allowing the solution and pa rticles to move out of the cell into the cells environment. Once the cell is finished being weighed in 30 minute intervals over a period of 90 minutes, a silver nitrate (AgNO3) test (test for salts present in the solution), glucose test a sucrose/ lactose test (tests for reducing sugars) are conducted. The column in green represents whether the solutions tested positive or negative for the substances. Change in Mass (g) Time (min) A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2 D1 D2 E1 E2 F1 F2 0 26.42 25.99 27.69 26.65 28.65 26.32 27.36 26.74 28.78 26.75 27.80 27.96 30 27.24 25.41 31.84 21.71 34.89 21.32 30.38 23.41 34.33 20.00 29.85 25.91 60 27.33 24.94 33.80 19.44 40.21 18.37 31.33 21.55 38.21 16.83 31.42 24.00 90 27.12 24.70 34.95 18.83 44.15 15.93 33.47 20.18 41.23 14.50 33.42 21.87 Test (+/-) positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + positive + Graph #1: Change in mass over 90 minutes in 30 minute intervals. Cells A to C. Summary: This graph visually shows us which dialysis cells gained or lost mass due to it concentration difference between the inside of the dialysis cell and its environment in which it was submerged in. Due to some cells having gained or lost more than other cells, some of the differences were much greater or lower than others. These means diffusion would have occurred faster or slower do to the solutions molecular size. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Graph #2: Change in mass over 90 minutes in 30 minute intervals. Cells D to F. Summary: This graph visually shows us which dialysis cells gained or lost mass due to it concentration difference between the inside of the dialysis cell and its environment in which it was submerged in. Due to some cells having gained or lost more than other cells, this tells us that some of the concentration differences were much greater or lower than other. These means diffusion would have occurred faster or slower do to the solutions molecular size. When a particle is bigger, it takes a longer time for it to diffuse through the membrane because it has to push itself through the membrane rather than slide through the membrane as a small particle would. Sources of Error: Forgetting to rinse our dialysis bags with water before weighing our cell will cause cross contamination to occur thus changing the composition of the solution that the cell has been submerged in as well as affecting the rate of diffusion and osmosis due to the dialysis tubing pores having already been compromised.